Sources
Every rule this tool applies traces back to one of the documents below. Classification rules are encoded against the Citizenship Act as amended 15 December 2025.
Legislation
- Citizenship Act, section 3
R.S.C. 1985, c. C-29
The operative text. Every paragraph this tool assigns, 3(1)(a) through (r), is defined here, along with the deeming provisions in 3(7) and the first-generation limit in 3(3). Consolidated text, last amended 15 December 2025.
- Canadian Citizenship Act (the former Act)
S.C. 1946, c. 15 (10 George VI), assented to 27 June 1946, 1 January 1947
The Act the current one keeps pointing back at. Paragraphs 3(1)(d), (q) and (r) are all citations to it, and none of them can be checked without it. The provisions that made someone a citizen by operation of law on 1 January 1947 are section 4 for those born before that day (4(a) born in Canada and not an alien; 4(b) born abroad to a qualifying parent, if not an alien and either landed for permanent residence or still a minor), section 5 for those born after it (5(b)(ii) is the registration requirement, and it reaches only births after commencement), and section 9(1) for citizens other than natural-born, of whom 9(1)(b) is the British subject with Canadian domicile. Section 44A, the Newfoundland provision, was added on the union in 1949 and is not in this print. Scanned from the annual statutes; there is no consolidated text of a pre-1985 Act on the Justice Laws site, and CanLII does not carry it either.
Amending Acts
- An Act to amend the Citizenship Act (2025): Bill C-3
S.C. 2025, c. 5, 15 December 2025
Parliament's response to Bjorkquist. Removes the first-generation limit for everyone born abroad before it came into force, replaces it with a 1,095-day physical-presence test going forward, and adds subsection 3(1.5) for claims running through a deceased ancestor. Royal assent 20 November 2025.
- Strengthening Canadian Citizenship Act: Bill C-24
S.C. 2014, c. 22, 11 June 2015
Added paragraphs 3(1)(k) through (r), the pre-1947 and pre-1949 categories that most multi-generational chains anchor on, plus the deceased-parent provisions 3(1.1)-(1.4) and the precedence rule 3(6.3).
- An Act to amend the Citizenship Act: Bill C-37
S.C. 2008, c. 14, 17 April 2009
Added paragraphs 3(1)(f) through (j), restoring citizenship to many 'Lost Canadians', and introduced the first-generation limit that Bjorkquist later struck down. The 17 April 2009 date recurs throughout the Act as a dividing line.
Case law
- Bjorkquist et al. v. Attorney General of Canada
2023 ONSC 7152, 19 December 2023
Akbarali J. held that s. 3(3)(a) of the Citizenship Act contravenes sections 6 and 15 of the Charter and is of no force or effect, suspending the declaration for six months. Canada chose not to appeal, and Bill C-3 followed. Note that only 3(3)(a) was struck; several secondary summaries incorrectly report 3(3)(b) as well.
IRCC guidance
- IRCC program delivery instructions: Acquisition of citizenship
Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada
IRCC's published paragraph-by-paragraph guidance. Policy, not law, but it is how applications are actually assessed, and it resolves several points the statute leaves open.
- ATIP release 1A-2025-14201: internal C-3 procedural notes
157 pages, released under the Access to Information Act
Internal IRCC material: the transition guide, officer training notes, and the ORG ID table used to route applications. Portions are withheld under section 23. The release is not of one date, and the order matters: the transition guide is carried by an email timestamped 12 December 2025 (p. 81) saying Bill C-3 "will be coming into force", and the officer training deck says at p. 138 that the bill "is expected to come into force on December 15". The guidance at pp. 132 to 136 describes that coming into force in the past tense, and is the latest word in the release on how a deceased ancestor and a second-generation (q) are to be treated. Where the earlier documents and that guidance disagree, this tool follows the guidance.
Commentary and community
- Inside IRCC: 5 Things We Learned From Our Access to Information Request on Bill C-3 and Citizenship by Descent
Marin Immigration Law, 13 August 2026
Marin Immigration Law filed the access-to-information request that produced release 1A-2025-14201, the document this tool's rules about IRCC's internal procedure are drawn from. Credit for that release belongs to them, not to this project. Their write-up is also the fastest way to understand what is in it: five findings in plain language, including the processing pause and the disclosure that assessments may reach back to the Naturalization Act of 1868.
- Procedural Fairness Letter: Details on Contents (r/Canadiancitizenship)
r/Canadiancitizenship, June 2026
An applicant's transcription of the procedural fairness letter that followed the June 2026 request that they surrender their certificate. It is the clearest public statement of what IRCC will accept as proof that an anchor was born in Canada: every document filed for that generation was marked "Third Party Source", and the letter asks instead for records "from acceptable source authorities responsible for creating or maintaining historical records, such as civil registries, vital statistics agencies, or other authorized government bodies as listed in the application instructions". It also faults the file for not explaining why originals could not be obtained, or what was done to try. Among the documents refused was a baptismal record taken from a provincial archive's own digital collection. Nothing in the letter turns on a reading of the Act: the applicant's paragraph, 3(1)(b), is not in dispute, and the objection is evidentiary from beginning to end. Anonymous forum material, transcribed by the applicant rather than released by the department; evidence of how one file was handled, and authority for nothing.
- Hypothesis: IRCC wants to determine how the Citizenship Act applies to each generation (r/CanadianbyDescent)
r/CanadianbyDescent, August 2026
Applicants comparing GCMS notes released to them under the Access to Information Act. The thread corroborates the approach this tool already took: that IRCC classifies every generation in a line under its own paragraph of section 3, not only the applicant, and it supplies the one thing corroboration cannot: a real chain, k -> o -> q -> q -> g, as an officer actually classified it. That chain is the only end-to-end check against a known-correct classification this project has, and it is what settles paragraph (o) against (q) where the Act itself is silent. Treat it accordingly: anonymous forum discussion, valuable as evidence of how particular files were decided, and not authority for anything.
What has changed9 updates since 16 August 2026
What has changed9 updates since 16 August 2026
Changes that could alter what this tool tells you about your own family. A result printed last month and one printed today can differ; this is where to find out why.
24 August 2026
Said what IRCC will accept as proof that the ancestor was born in Canada
The tool has always said which facts a line turns on, and never what a document proving one has to be. A procedural fairness letter published in June 2026 says, and it is worth having in front of you before you file: every record that applicant had submitted for their earliest generation was marked "Third Party Source", and the letter asks instead for records "from acceptable source authorities responsible for creating or maintaining historical records, such as civil registries, vital statistics agencies, or other authorized government bodies". It also faults the file because the "submissions do not include sufficient explanations as to why source documents could not be obtained nor was there sufficient evidence of efforts made to obtain the documents". On that basis IRCC wrote that a proof it had already approved was "approved in error". A line anchored on a birth in Canada, or in Newfoundland and Labrador before the union, that predates the 1947 or 1949 pivot date now carries an advisory saying all of that, with what to go and find and who it has to come from. One document refused in that file was a baptismal record taken from a provincial archive's own digital collection, so an archive's website is not by itself the source authority being asked for. Nothing here is a reading of the Act, and no classification changes: the objection in that letter was evidentiary from beginning to end, and the applicant's own paragraph was never in dispute. Nothing to re-run.
From the letter published by Balindrum.
24 August 2026
Stopped an ancestor who died before 1947 reading like the end of the line
Someone born in Canada who kept British subject status and died before 1 January 1947 is described by no paragraph of section 3(1), and the tool said exactly that and no more: "No paragraph applies", against the person the whole claim anchors on. Their descendants have classified correctly since 22 August, but that card still read as a refusal, and it was read as one twice over: once as a bug, and once as an argument that such a person must therefore be a citizen under paragraph 3(1)(d) posthumously. They are not. Paragraph (d) describes a person who "was a citizen immediately before February 15, 1977", and subsection 3(1.3) says in terms that a parent in this position "died before January 1, 1947 and did not become a citizen on that day" -- it would have had nothing to correct if they had. The card now carries the reasoning instead of a dead end: what the death does, what it does not do, and which of the citizen-despite-death-of-parent subsections carries the claim to the next generation. No paragraph changed anywhere, in that line or any other. Nothing to re-run: a line that classified before classified correctly.
Raised by ResearchJam1.
23 August 2026
Stopped writing off a whole line because the ancestor in Canada was adopted
Answering "yes" to the adoption question about an ancestor born in Canada, or in Newfoundland and Labrador before the union, halted that generation and every generation below it, so the line came back as one the tool would not classify. That was wrong. Adoption matters only where the claim runs through a parent, and no paragraph open to a person born in Canada looks at a parent at all: they are a citizen because of where they were born, whoever raised them. Nor does it reach their children, whose claim runs through that person's own parenthood. The tool now asks about adoption only for a birth outside Canada, where citizenship for an adopted person really does run through a grant under section 5.1 on its own timeline, and it stops there as before. A line with an adopted Canadian-born ancestor and no other adoption in it now classifies normally, and is one question shorter. Re-run your line if you answered yes to adoption for an ancestor born in Canada or pre-union Newfoundland.
Raised by Realistic_Deal1859.
23 August 2026
Told the two halves of the 1946 Act apart, and started citing it by section
Paragraphs 3(1)(d), (q) and (r) are all citations to the Canadian Citizenship Act, S.C. 1946, c. 15, and the tool was naming that Act without ever naming the section of it that made someone a citizen. It now cites them: 4(a) for a birth in Canada before 1947, 4(b) for a birth abroad before 1947, 5(b)(ii) for a registered birth abroad after it, 9(1)(b) for a British subject with Canadian domicile. The Act is on the sources page, scanned from the annual statutes, because there is no consolidated text of it anywhere official. One of those citations was doing real damage. Registration is section 5(b)(ii), and section 5 reaches only births after the Act came into force, but the engine ran its registration test across both eras: answering "yes, the birth abroad was registered" about a birth before 1947 made a 1947 citizen of somebody the former Act never reached, and because paragraphs (o) to (r) each exclude a person who "did not become a citizen on that day", it quietly moved them out of (q) and into (d). Section 4(b) is implemented in its place, on its own words: a parent born in Canada who had not become an alien, or one with Canadian domicile at the birth; and the person themselves not an alien on 1 January 1947 and either landed for permanent residence or still under 21 that day. Some people born abroad before 1947 move from (q) to (d), which is the stronger answer, and a line running through such a birth may now ask one more question, whether that person had become an alien by 1947, before it will answer at all. Re-run your line if it has a birth outside Canada before 1947.
Raised by badfordabidness.
23 August 2026
Stopped telling people their application is on hold
The tool reported two cohorts as set aside by IRCC: claims running through an ancestor who died before the amendment that corrected their status, and a (q) whose parent is also a (q). Both readings came from documents in ATIP release 1A-2025-14201 that are provably earlier than the guidance at pages 132 to 136 of the same release, and that guidance resolves both questions. It directs officers to assess whether an ancestor "would have become a Canadian citizen under the 2009, 2015 or 2025 amendments to the Act, were it not for their death", and it says a parent deemed a citizen as of 1 January 1947 under subsection 3(7) satisfies paragraph 3(1)(q)'s parent test, which is what a (q) parent is. The processing-pause advisory, the two excluded-cohort advisories and the uncertainty flags that went with them are gone, replaced by advisories that say what the guidance says. Nobody's paragraph changed; what changed is what the tool says IRCC will do with it. Re-run your line.
Raised by CounterI, DrNo666, BlankWall0 and residualRichey; the page-by-page dating argument is badfordabidness's.
22 August 2026
Fixed a claim stopping dead at an ancestor who died before 1947
A line running through someone born in Canada who died before 1 January 1947 failed at that generation and took every generation after it down. Subsections 3(1.2), 3(1.3) and 3(1.4) exist to carry a claim past exactly that death, and the engine could not reach them: it asked whether the parent became a citizen before asking whether they would have. The deceased ancestor still shows no paragraph of their own, which is IRCC's own position, but their descendants now classify. Re-run your line if it stopped at a pre-1947 death.
Reported by MidAtlanticAtoll and AirportCarpetFanFics; diagnosed by Emotional-Test3329.
22 August 2026
Made the form fields visible, and labelled the tool beta
Input, button and radio-card borders were drawn at about 1.3:1 against the page, well under the 3:1 that WCAG asks for the edge of a control, so the fields were hard to find. There are two border weights now and every control uses the darker one. The results page also carries a beta notice: this tool is experimental, and a result should be checked against the sources rather than relied on.
Raised by CounterI and Robert_Walter.
22 August 2026
Added shareable result codes
A finished result now has a short code and a link that carries one letter per generation and the earliest birth year, and nothing else. No names, no places, no other dates.
16 August 2026
First public release
Classification against the Citizenship Act as amended 15 December 2025, an interview that asks only what could change the answer, GEDCOM import, and a report that shows its working.